Peer-to-peer, demystified

Pear applications replicate data and connect to one another without a central server. Peers exchange bytes directly over encrypted streams; there is no single host that routes every message or stores every copy. That model changes how discovery, connectivity, and privacy work compared with a traditional client–server application—but it does not remove the need for careful application design.

What changes without a server

In a client–server design, clients know where to connect: a hostname or IP address, often fronted by a load balancer. In Pear, peers are identified by cryptographic public keys, not by fixed network locations. A peer can move between Wi‑Fi networks, cellular connections, or countries and still be reachable at the same key.

Replication and chat still need at least one peer online with a copy of the data you want—Pear does not magically materialize files from nowhere. What changes is who can serve that copy: any participant in the swarm, not only the original author.

What does not change: you still need to think about availability, authorization, and what metadata leaks at the transport layer.

Hole punching and NAT traversal

Most devices sit behind home routers or carrier-grade network address translation (NAT). Two peers cannot open a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to each other simply by knowing each other's keys—neither side has a stable, publicly routable address that the other can dial first.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) hole punching coordinates both peers through a rendezvous point so that each opens a path through its local firewall. Once the "hole" exists, Pear's transport can carry encrypted traffic over it. Hole punching works on most consumer networks; it is not guaranteed on every corporate or symmetric-NAT setup, which is why Pear also supports relay paths when direct connectivity fails.

HyperDHT implements this discovery and connection machinery. You rarely call hole punching directly; you create a DHT node or join a Hyperswarm topic and the stack handles traversal.

HyperDHT: discovery and encrypted connections

HyperDHT is a distributed hash table. It is the layer that finds peers and establishes end-to-end encrypted connections using Noise streams (via Secretstream).

Core mechanisms:

1. Peer identification—Connections are addressed by public key, not IP address. Location and network changes do not invalidate identity.
2. Hole punching—UDP techniques to connect through NATs and firewalls on typical networks.
3. Encrypted streams—Every connection is encrypted; intermediaries see traffic volume and endpoints, not payload.
4. Bootstrapping—Default bootstrap nodes help a new node join the public DHT; isolated networks can use custom bootstrap lists.
5. Announcement and discovery—Peers announce themselves under 32-byte topics; others look up who is listening on a topic. Peers with a known public key can also connect directly without topic lookup.

HyperDHT also supports limited mutable and immutable storage in the DHT itself. Most Pear applications instead replicate structured data over Hypercore once a connection exists; the DHT's primary job is finding and connecting, not long-term storage.

Hyperswarm: topic-based connection management

Hyperswarm wraps HyperDHT with a higher-level API oriented around topics—arbitrary 32-byte identifiers, often a Hypercore's discoveryKey. Where HyperDHT exposes servers, clients, announce streams, and lookup streams, Hyperswarm exposes join, leave, and a single connection event.

Hyperswarm adds:

• Automatic reconnection when peers drop off the network.
• Connection limits and firewall hooks to cap fan-out or reject unwanted keys.
• Client/server roles per topic—a peer can announce only, discover only, or both.
• Direct peer joins via joinPeer(publicKey) when you already know whom to reach.

For replication workflows—chat rooms, file sync, application updates—Hyperswarm is usually the right default: you join the discovery key of the core or drive you care about and let the swarm maintain connections. HyperDHT remains the right choice when you need fine-grained control over server lifecycle, custom DHT storage, or minimal dependencies.

Choosing between HyperDHT and Hyperswarm

If you are replicating a Hypercore or Hyperdrive, start with Hyperswarm unless you have a specific reason to manage DHT nodes yourself.

See also

• Connect two peers by key with HyperDHT—minimal two-peer connection walkthrough.
• Connect to many peers by topic with Hyperswarm—topic-based discovery and chat.
• Replicate and persist with Hypercore—persistence once peers are connected.
• Dependencies and network—IP disclosure and NPM's role at install time.
• From append-only logs to files—how replicated data is structured above the transport layer.
• HyperDHT reference—full API.
• Hyperswarm reference—full API.